Longitudinal Development of Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Patients of Different Severity with ELISA, Peptide, and Glycan Arrays: An Immunological Case Series

The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). A better understanding of its immunogenicity can be important for development improved diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. Here, we report longitudinal analysis three patients with moderate (#1) mild disease (#2 #3). Antibody serum responses were analyzed using spike glycoprotein enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), full-proteome peptide, glycan microarrays. ELISA immunoglobulin A, G, M (IgA, IgG, IgM) signals increased over time individuals #1 #2, whereas #3 only showed no clear positive IgG IgM result. In contrast, peptide microarrays increasing IgA/G signal intensity epitope spread in patient time, early but transient IgA stable observed two cases #2 #3. Glycan arrays an interaction antibodies to fragments high-mannose core N-glycans, present on viral shield. contrast protein ELISA, allow a deeper IgA, antibody specific epitopes whole proteome glycans SARS-CoV-2 parallel. future, this may help understand monitor vaccination programs monoclonal as therapeutics.